AAP发新版支气管炎睡眠呼吸暂停治疗指南

《儿科学》(Pediatrics)8月27日撰写的加拿大儿科该学会(AAP)新版临床治疗须知敦促，；大增殖腺扁桃体切除术的高血压睡眠中颤动暂停综合征(OSAS)新生儿不宜休养(Pediatrics 2012;130:576-84)。新版须知是由AAP的OSAS该委员会对1999~2008年撰写的3166篇无关论文及2008~2011年撰写的须知类短文进；大研究课题后制订的。新版须知的其余部分重要敦促如下：·对于轻度OSAS学龄前病人，特别是不适合做治疗或已做治疗且湿气高血压颤动暂停的病人，鼻内激素给解毒可有效地大大降低病征。·敦促临床医生可常规进；大OSAS筛查。可向学龄前父母回答几个问题。一是：父母睡眠中如何？二是：有打鼾现象吗？如有，则之前回答打鼾时到底伴有颤动困难。根据经验和病史，可对学龄前进；大睡眠中健康检查等实质性客观性审计。·敦促表列出新生儿在扁桃体切除术后休养：3岁表列出；多导睡眠中绘出健康检查高亮重度OSAS；OSAS心脏并发症；发育停滞；心血管疟疾；颅面发育不良、神经细胞身体疟疾或当前细菌感染病菌。·如果扁桃体切除术后OSAS体征和病征持续存在，或如果尚未进；大扁桃体切除术，则敦促进；大持续气道层流通气(CPAP)治疗。小组专家表示，CPAP是最佳的二线治疗提案。·如果学龄前或青年人经常打鼾或符合OSAS病征和体征，则敦促进；大多导睡眠中绘出健康检查或转至睡眠中高职或耳鼻喉科治疗。不过该敦促尚未取得该委员会专家和咨询解毒学该学会的赞同认同，因为现有的诊疗海洋资源无法对每例新生儿都开展此项健康检查。而且研究标示出，在50%的情况下，即使病史高亮OSAS，睡眠中健康检查结果仍可能为正常。因此，一个折中的敦促是，如果无法进；大多导睡眠中绘出健康检查，可考虑进；大其他诊断性健康检查，如夜间影片录制、夜间泌尿系统饱和度测定、午睡多导睡眠中绘出健康检查或科室多导睡眠中绘出健康检查。小组专家声明与Philips Respironics等多家一些公司存在利益关系。By: DOUG BRUNK, Clinical Neurology News Digital NetworkAn updated clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Pediatrics spells out which children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who undergo adenotonsillectomy should be admitted as inpatients."That’s really important because the vast majority of children he adenotonsillectomy on an outpatient basis," said Dr. Carole L. Marcus, who chaired a subcommittee that assembled the guideline, which was updated from a 2002 version and published online Aug. 27 in Pediatrics.Courtesy Dr. Carole L. MarcusAnother new component of the 10-page guideline, titled "Diagnosis and Management of Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome," includes an option for clinicians to prescribe intranasal steroids for a subset of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)."For children with mild obstructive sleep apnea – especially for those in whom surgery might be contraindicated, or in those who he already had surgery and he some residual obstructive apnea – intranasal steroids could be helpful," Dr. Marcus, who directs the Sleep Center at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said in an interview. "There are still a lot of unanswered questions [about this practice], one of the biggest being that all of the studies he been relatively short term, meaning weeks to months, not years. Does a child need just one course, or do they need to be on it for the rest of their lives? Those are studies that need to be done."To update the 2002 guideline, Dr. Marcus and 11 other members of the interdisciplinary AAP Subcommittee on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome reviewed 3,166 articles from the medical literature related to the diagnosis and management of OSAS in children and adolescents that were published during 1999-2008. Then subcommittee members "selectively updated this literature search for articles published from 2008 to 2011 specific to guideline categories." Of the 3,166 studies, 350 were used to formulate eight recommendations, termed "key action statements" (Pediatrics 2012;130:576-84).Since publication of the previous guideline, "there has been a huge amount of research done in this field," noted Dr. Marcus, who is also a professor of pediatrics at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. "Many of the initial studies we looked at for the first guideline were case series. Now people are doing well-structured studies and looking at some of the detailed outcomes such as neurocognitive findings."The first recommendation in the updated guideline advises clinicians to screen for OSAS during routine health maintenance visits, "because OSA in children is underdiagnosed," Dr. Marcus explained. "Parents don’t necessarily think of snoring as a sign of a serious disease. They might think it’s funny, but it’s actually a sign of illness."Knowing how busy pediatricians are, there are two questions that are crucial," she continued. "One is, ‘How does your child sleep?’ The other is, ‘Does your child snore?’ If you get a positive [response] to the snoring [question] you do need to go into more detail. The next question would be, ‘Is there labored breathing with the snoring?’ Your history will tell you which children need further objective evaluation, such as a sleep study."The guideline also recommends that the following subset of children be admitted as inpatients after tonsillectomy: those younger than age 3; those with severe OSAS on polysomnography; those with cardiac complications of OSAS; those with failure to thrive; those who are obese; and those with craniofacial anomalies, neuromuscular disorders, or a current respiratory infection.Another component to the guideline is the recommendation that clinicians refer patients for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) management if OSAS signs and symptoms persist after adenotonsillectomy or if adenotonsillectomy is not performed. Dr. Marcus described CPAP as "the best way to go as a second-line option. Since the previous guidelines came out, the prevalence of obesity in children has gone up even more dramatically. Therefore, there is a lot more OSA out there, and pediatricians will be seeing a lot more in children of all ages."One component of the guideline related to polysomnography proved difficult for the committee members and the consulting medical societies to reach consensus on. This recommendation states that clinicians should obtain a polysomnogram or refer the patient to a sleep specialist or otolaryngologist if the child or adolescent snores regularly or meets the symptoms and signs of OSAS."If one agrees that sleep studies are the only objective way to tell what’s going on, we just don’t he the resources in this country to study every child," Dr. Marcus said. "The literature is very strong showing that a history and physical exam could give you an idea of which children you should he an index of suspicion about, but do not tell you which children he sleep apnea. The vast number of children who he adenotonsillectomy for suspected OSA are hing it done without any sort of objective finding. The studies that he been done show that about 50% of the time, even with a history that seems indicative of OSA, the children will he normal sleep studies."Because of this quandary, the committee included a related recommendation, which reads that if polysomnography is not ailable, "then clinicians may order alternative diagnostic tests, such as nocturnal video recording, nocturnal oximetry, daytime nap polysomnography, or ambulatory polysomnography."Dr. Marcus said that further changes to the new guideline may be warranted pending the results of the Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Study for Children With OSAS (CHAT). Sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the goal of this multicenter, randomized trial is to determine the effect of adenotonsillectomy surgery on OSAS in children. "That study has just been completed, but nothing has been published yet," said Dr. Marcus, who is one of CHAT’s investigators. "That might change things even more."There is a 44-page technical report that details the procedures the subcommittee members followed and the data they considered (Pediatrics 2012;130:e714-55).Dr. Marcus disclosed that she has received research support from Philips Respironics. Another subcommittee member, Dr. Did Gozal, disclosed hing research support from AstraZeneca and being a speaker for Merck.; Dr. Ann C. Halbower disclosed receiving research funding from Resmed; and Dr. Michael S. Schechter disclosed that he is a consultant to Genentech and Gilead, and that he has received research support from Mpex Pharmaceuticals, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, and other companie